Cutback Bituman is made by reducing the viscosity of and ordinary bitumen by adding mostly petroleum type solvent. Cutback Bitumen are used because their viscosity is lower than that of neat asphalt and can thus be used in low temperature applications. After a cutback is applied the solvent evaporates away and only the Bitumen is left. A cutback bitumen is said to cure as the petroleum solvent evaporates. Cutback bitumen are typically used as prime coats and tack coats. Generally are divided into three groups depending on their volatility of the solvent added:

• Slow Curing often called "road oils," are usually a residual material produced from the fractional distillation of certain crude petroleums. Traditionally any kind of aromatic, naphthenic and paraffinic oils are used. Slow Curing liquid bitumen materials can be prepared by blending bitumen with an oily petroleum fraction.

• Medium Curing are a blend of Bitumen with lighter hydrocarbons such as kerosene.

• Rapid Curing products are prepared with a light, rapidly evaporating diluent such as a naphtha or gasoline.

As a solvent required to produce a cutback asphalt, it is possible to use not only the above described petroleum type solvent but also a coal type solvent or may be a mixture of various solvents and an additive in order to further improve the performance of final products (e.g. antistripping effect).

Each of these three types of liquid asphaltic materials is produced in six standard grades. The prefix of each grade denotes the type: SC for Slow Curing, MC for Medium Curing, and RC for Rapid Curing. The suffix, or grade number, denotes the consistency range of the material. In each type, grade 0 is the most liquid, grade 5 the most viscous, with the intermediate grades ranging in consistency in an orderly progression. At room temperature, the consistency of grade 0 materials resembles that of heavy cream while grade 5 materials have the consistency of heavy molasses in cold weather. These products "cure" by the evaporation of the petroleum diluent.

Formerly the advantage of application of cutback asphalt mixtures is a difference in the reduced paving temperature.  However in these days cutback asphalt are used mostly as prime coat and/or tack coat.

When cutback asphalts are used as a prime coat, the cutback asphalt is sprayed to the surface of untreated sub grade or base layers in order to fill the surface voids and protect the subbase from water penetration; stabilize the fines and preserve the subbase material and/or promote bonding to the subsequent pavement layers.

When used as a tack coat, the cutback asphalt is applied between hot mix asphalt pavement lifts to promote adequate bonding. This cutback promoted adequate bonding between construction lifts and especially between the exist¬ing road surface and an overlay is critical in order for the completed pavement structure to behave as a single unit and provide adequate strength. If adjacent layers do not bond to one another they essentially behave as multiple independent thin layers, none of which are designed to accommodate the anticipated traffic imposed bending stresses. Inadequate bonding between layers can result in delamination (debonding) followed by longitudinal wheel path cracking, fatigue cracking, potholes, and other distresses such as rutting that greatly reduce pavement life.

Applications of Cutback Bitumen in Bituminous (asphalt) Pavement Construction and Maintenance:

Prime and Tack Coating

The process of priming involves applying a low viscosity binder to a prepared but usually unbound aggregate base. It is intended to be absorbed by the top layers of the base and provide a surface more easily ‘wetted’ by a subsequent bituminous covering. The primer will be able to carry traffic for a short time (although this practice is uncommon) and help control dust. Generally, primers are applied at rates between 0.5 and 1.4 L/m2. Cutback bitumens suitable for priming are also used for tack coats, which are applied to an underlying surface to help with the adhesion of subsequent asphalt layer. A typical application rate is between 0.2 and 0.4 L/m2.

Prime Sealing

Where temperatures are too cool for an effective priming operation, or where traffic is likely to upset a primed surface before the final seal can be sprayed, a primer seal can be used to give adequate protection of the pavement for periods of up to 6 to 12 months. Cutback bitumens suitable for primer sealing can also be used in the manufacture of pre-mix asphalt, which is used in patch repairs.

Spray Sealing

Cutback bitumens are used extensively in sprayed sealing applications, particularly in cooler weather where they provide improved initial stone retention due to their lower viscosity. Typically, a single application of the appropriate cutback bitumen is sprayed onto the primed pavement onto which aggregate is laid.

Slow Curing Cutback Bitumen Specification (ASTM D2026)

Medium Curing Cutback Bitumen Specification (ASTM D2027 or AASHTO M82-75 2008)

Rapid Curing Cutback Bitumen Specification (ASTM D2028 or AASHTO M81-92 2008)